From b27988b643faf5f7c9746637fc6d9d5b6fb59ebe Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: bert hubert Date: Thu, 25 Oct 2018 12:22:46 +0200 Subject: [PATCH] update markdeep, split up tdns, tauth, tres docs --- README.md | 5 +- ext/markdeep.min.js | 10 +- tdns/Makefile | 6 +- tdns/README.md | 583 ++----------------------------------- tdns/dnsmessages.cc | 2 +- tdns/{tdns.cc => tauth.cc} | 0 tdns/tauth.md | 544 ++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++ tdns/tauth.md.html | 1 + 8 files changed, 585 insertions(+), 566 deletions(-) rename tdns/{tdns.cc => tauth.cc} (100%) create mode 100644 tdns/tauth.md create mode 120000 tdns/tauth.md.html diff --git a/README.md b/README.md index d9a1451..218a0ac 100644 --- a/README.md +++ b/README.md @@ -52,9 +52,10 @@ The content is spread out over several documents: * [The core of DNS](basic.md.html) * [Relevant to stub resolvers and applications](stub.md.html) * [Relevant to authoritative servers](auth.md.html) - * [tdns: a 'from scratch' teaching authoritative server, implementing all of basic DNS in 1100 lines of code](tdns/README.md.html) * [Relevant to resolvers](resolver.md.html) - * [tres: a 'from scratch' teaching resolver, implementing all relevant parts of DNS in 500 lines of code](tdns/tres.md.html) + * [tdns: a 'from scratch' DNS library](tdns/README.md.html) + * [tauth: a minimal but feature complete authoritative server](tdns/tauth.md.html) + * [tres: a minimal but feature complete DNS resolver](tdns/tres.md.html) * Optional elements: [EDNS, TSIG, Dynamic Updates, DNAME, DNS Cookies](optional.md.html) * [Privacy related](privacy.md.html): QName minimization, DNS-over-TLS, DNS-over-HTTPS, EDNS Padding * [DNSSEC](dnssec.md.html) diff --git a/ext/markdeep.min.js b/ext/markdeep.min.js index f8fbb70..75dbb06 100644 --- a/ext/markdeep.min.js +++ b/ext/markdeep.min.js @@ -1,7 +1,7 @@ /**See http://casual-effects.com/markdeep for @license and documentation. -markdeep.min.js 1.00 (C) 2018 Morgan McGuire +markdeep.min.js 1.03 (C) 2018 Morgan McGuire highlight.min.js 9.12.0 (C) 2017 Ivan Sagalaev https://highlightjs.org/*/ -!function(){"use strict";function e(e,t,r){return"<"+e+(r?" 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"});var ge=!1;return A(document.getElementsByClassName("markdeep")).concat(A(document.getElementsByTagName("markdeep"))).forEach(function(e){var t=document.createElement("div"),r=v(C(s(e.innerHTML)),!0);ge=ge||S(r),t.innerHTML=r,e.parentNode.replaceChild(t,e)}),document.head.innerHTML=window.markdeep.stylesheet()+document.head.innerHTML+(ge?de:""),void E()}ue||(A(document.getElementsByTagName("script")).forEach(function(e){k(e.src)&&e.parentNode.removeChild(e)}),document.body.style.visibility="hidden");var be=u(document.body);if(ue){be=be.rp(/ +Note: this page is part of the +'[hello-dns](https://powerdns.org/hello-dns/)' documentation effort. + +# tauth: the teaching authoritative server +`tauth` is based on the [`tdns`](README.md.html) teachable DNS library. +`tauth` is a relatively full-featured authoritative server. + +# Current status +All 'basic DNS' items are implemented: + + * UDP & TCP + * AXFR (incoming and outgoing) + * Wildcards + * Delegations + * Glue records + * Truncation + * Compression + +As a bonus: + * EDNS (buffer size, no options) + * Serving of DNSSEC signed zones + +Known broken: + * TCP/IP does not follow recommended timeouts + +The code is not quite in a teachable state yet and still contains ugly bits. +But well worth [a +read](https://github.com/ahupowerdns/hello-dns/tree/master/tdns). + +# Layout +Key to a good DNS implementation is having a faithful DNS storage model, +with the correct kind of objects in them. + +Over the decades, many many nameservers have started out with an incorrect +storage model, leading to pain later on with empty non-terminals, case +sensitivity, setting the 'AA' bit on glue (or not) and eventually DNSSEC +ordering problems. + +When storing DNS as a tree, as described in RFC 1034, a lot of things go +right "automatically". When DNS Names are a fundamental type composed out +of DNS Labels with the correct case-insensitive equivalence and identity +rules, lots of problems can never happen. + +The core or `tauth` therefore is the tree of nodes as intended in 1034, +containing DNS native objects like DNS Labels and DNS Names. + +# The DNS Tree +The DNS Tree is of fundamental importance, and is used a number of times +within `tauth`. + +When storing the contents of the `org` zone, it may look like this: + +************************************************************************************************* +* * +* .---. * +* 1 +---------+ +--------+ * +* / '-+-' \ * +* / | \ * +* .-+-. .-+-. .-+-. * +* 2 + ietf+ | ietg+ | ... + * +* '-+-' '-+-' '---' * +* / \ | * +* / \ | * +* .--+. +---. .-+-. * +* 3 + ord | | fra + | ... + * +* '-+-' '-+-' '---' * +* | | * +* .-+-. .-+-. * +* 4 + ns1 | | ns2 + * +* '-+-' '---' * +* * +************************************************************************************************* + +This tree has a depth of four. The top node has an empty name, and is +relative to the name of the zone, in this case `org`. + +On layer 4, we find the names `ns1.ord.ietf.org` and `ns2.fra.ietf.org`. Key +to looking up anything in DNS is to follow the tree downwards and to observe +what nodes are passed. + +For example, a lookup for `www.ietf.org` starts as a lookup for `www.ietf` +in the `org` zone (if loaded, of course). Layer 1 is where we start (and +find the Start of Authority record), and we look if there is a child node +called `ietf`. And there is. + +As we look at that node, we could see NS records attached to it (`ietf.org NS +ns1.ord.ietf.org`) for example. This means our lookup is done: we've found +a zonecut. The authoritative server should now respond with a delegation by +returning those NS records in the Nameserver section. + +To complete the packet, we need to look up the IPv4 and IPv6 addresses of +`ns1.ord.ietf.org` and `ns2.fra.ietf.org`. To do this, we traverse the tree +downward again, starting at the apex with `ns1.ord.ietf` and going to the +`ietf`, `ord` and finally `ns1` labels. There we find attached the IP(v6) +addresses. + +## Objects +`tdns` uses a DNS tree in three places: 1) to quickly find the right zone for +a query 2) within that zone, to traverse the names 3) DNS name compression. + +The DNS tree within `tdns` consists of `DNSNode` objects, each of which can +have: + + * Child nodes + * Pointer to a zone + * Attached RRSets, keyed on type + +The child nodes are always used in the DNS tree. The pointer to a zone is +only used when consulting the 'tree of zones'. The attached RRsets meanwhile +are only consulted when the right zone is found, to provide actual DNS +answers. + +## Manipulating the tree +To add nodes to the DNS tree, or to add things to existing nodes, use the +`add` method like this: + +``` + newzone->add({"www"})->addRRs(CNAMEGen::make({"server1","powerdns","org"})); + newzone->add({"www"})->rrsets[DNSType::CNAME].ttl = 1200; +``` +The first line creates the `www` node, and provisions a CNAME there. The +second line updates the new node to set the ttl. Note that `addRRs` accepts +multiple 'generator' parameters, more about which later. + +`add` accepts `DNSName`s as parameter, so to populate +www.fra.ietf.org, use `newzone->add({"www", "fra", "ietf", "org"})`. + +Within `tdns`, the sample `powerdns.org` zone is populated within +[contents.cc](https://github.com/ahupowerdns/hello-dns/blob/master/tdns/contents.cc). + +Finding nodes in the tree uses a slightly more complicated method called +`find`. Unlike `add` it will not modify the tree, even though it has in +common that it will return a pointer to a node. + +`find` however also returns some additional things: which parts of the +`DNSName` did not match a node, if a DNS zonecut was encountered while +traversing the tree, and what name it had. + +The syntax: + +``` + DNSName searchname({"www", "ietf", "org"}), lastname, zonecutname; + DNSNode* passedZonecut; + DNSNode* node = bestzone->find(searchname, lastname, &passedZonecut, &zonecutname); +``` + +When this operates on the `org` zone tree displayed above, after the call to +`find`, `searchname` will be `www`, while `lastname` is `{"ietf", "org"}`. +What this means was that the `www` label could not be matched in the tree, +since it isn't there. + +`passedZonecut` is set to the node that describes `ietf.org`, where NS +records live that describe the delegation. `zonecutname` is therefore set to +`ietf.org`. + +To clarify this further, a lookup for `ns1.ord.ietf.org` would end up with: + + * `searchname` empty: all labels of `ns1.ord.ietf.org` were matched + * `lastname` is then `ns1.ord.ietf.org` + * `passedZonecut` again points to the `{"ietf", "org"}` node, which has the NS RRSet that describes the delegation + * `zonecutname` is set to `{"ietf", "org"}`. + +The DNS Tree is aware of `*` semantics, and when traversing nodes and not +finding a match, it will look for a `*` node. The tree does not do any +special processing for CNAMEs though. + +Based on the `find` method, implementing the RFC 1034 DNS algorithm is very +straightforward. + +## Record generators +As noted above, `RRSet`s contain things like `CNAMEGen::make`. These are +generators that are stored in a `DNSNode` and that know how to put their +content into a `DNSMessageWriter`. Each implemented `DNSType` has at least +one associated generator. A more complete example of populating a zone looks +like this: + +``` + newzone->addRRs(SOAGen::make({"ns1", "powerdns", "org"}, {"admin", "powerdns", "org"}, 1), + NSGen::make({"ns1", "powerdns", "org"}), NSGen::make({"ns2", "powerdns", "org"}), + MXGen::make(25, {"server1", "powerdns", "org"}) + ); + newzone->add({"server1"})->addRRs(AGen::make("213.244.168.210"), AAAAGen::make("::1")); +``` +This attaches SOA, NS and MX records to the apex of a zone, and defines a +`server1` node that is also referenced in the MX record. + +This code can be found in +[record-types.cc](https://github.com/ahupowerdns/hello-dns/blob/master/tdns/record-types.cc) +and +[record-types.hh](https://github.com/ahupowerdns/hello-dns/blob/master/tdns/record-types.cc). + +Since there are many record types, it is imperative that adding a new one +needs to happen in only one place. Within `tauth`, it actually requires two +places: the `DNSType` enum needs to be updated with the numerical value of +the type, and a 'XGen` struct needs to be written. Luckily this is simple +enough. Here is the entire MX record implementation: + +``` +1 struct MXGen : RRGen +2 { +3 MXGen(uint16_t prio, const DNSName& name) : d_prio(prio), d_name(name) {} +4 static std::unique_ptr< RRGen > make(uint16_t prio, const DNSName& name) +5 { +6 return std::make_unique< MXGen >(prio, name); +7 } +8 void toMessage(DNSMessageWriter& dpw) override; +9 DNSType getType() const override { return DNSType::MX; } +10 uint16_t d_prio; +11 DNSName d_name; +12 }; + + ... + +13 void MXGen::toMessage(DNSMessageWriter& dmw) +14 { +15 dmw.putUInt16(d_prio); +16 dmw.putName(d_name); +17 } +``` + +Line 3 stores the priority and server name of this MX record (as defined in +lines 10 and 11). + +Lines 4-7 are mechanics so we can make a smart pointer for an MXGen type +using a call to `make`. This smart pointer is sort of reference counted in +that its reference count is always 1. This means there is no overhead. + +Line 8 defines the call that transposes this record into a +`DNSMessageWriter`. Line 9 announces to anyone who wants to know what the +`DNSType` of this generator is. This is used by `addRRs` as shown above to +put the generator in the right RRSet place. + +13 to 17 show the construction of the actual DNS resource record in a +packet: the 16 bit priority, followed by the name. + + +## A bit of fun: dynamic record contents +Although names can not easily be dynamic within the DNS tree (either they +exist or they don't), contents can be changed at will. + +`tdns` defines a `time.tdns.powerdns.org` node which has a `ClockTXTGen`: + +``` + newzone->add({"time"})->addRRs(ClockTXTGen::make("The time is %a, %d %b %Y %T %z")); +``` + +The code behind this generator: + +``` + void ClockTXTGen::toMessage(DNSMessageWriter& dmw) + { + struct tm tm; + time_t now = time(0); + localtime_r(&now, &tm); + + std::string txt("overflow"); + char buffer[160]; + if(strftime(buffer, sizeof(buffer), d_format.c_str(), &tm)) + txt=buffer; + + TXTGen gen(txt); + gen.toMessage(dmw); + } +``` +Note that this generator uses the existing TXT code to encode itself. +# The RFC 1034 algorithm +As noted in the [basic DNS](../basic.md.html) and +[authoritative](../auth.md.html) pages, the RFC 1034 +algorithm can be simplified for a pure authoritative server. + +## Finding the right zone and node +In [tdns.cc](https://github.com/ahupowerdns/hello-dns/blob/master/tdns/tdns.cc) , processing starts like this: + +``` +1 DNSName zonename; +2 auto fnd = zones.find(qname, zonename); +3 ... +4 response.dh.aa = 1; +5 +6 auto bestzone = fnd->zone; +7 DNSName searchname(qname), lastnode, zonecutname; +8 const DNSNode* passedZonecut=0; +9 auto node = bestzone->find(searchname, lastnode, &passedZonecut, &zonecutname); +``` + +In line 1 we declare the DNSName where we will store the name of the +matching zone. On line 2 we look up the query name, and get the node +containing the zone, plus its name. + +Line 3 elides error response if no zone was found. In line 4 we declare we +have authority. Line 6 saves some typing later on. + +Lines 7 and 8 declare what we are looking for, and reserves names for where +we store what we found. + +Line 9 finally calls `find` to find the best node within our zone. As noted +above, `find` not only finds the best node, but also lets us know if we +passed any NS records along the way. + +## If we passed a zone cut + +``` +1 if(passedZonecut) { +2 response.dh.aa = false; +3 cout<<"This is a delegation, zonecutname: '" << zonecutname << "'" << endl; +4 auto iter = passedZonecut->rrsets.find(DNSType::NS); +5 if(iter != passedZonecut->rrsets.end()) { +6 const auto& rrset = iter->second; +7 vector< DNSName > toresolve; +8 for(const auto& rr : rrset.contents) { +9 response.putRR(DNSSection::Authority, zonecutname+zonename, DNSType::NS, rrset.ttl, rr); +10 toresolve.push_back(dynamic_cast< NSGen* >(rr.get())->d_name); +11 } +12 addAdditional(bestzone, zonename, toresolve, response); +13 } +14 } +``` + +This is the first thing we check: did we pass a zone cut? If so, on line 2 +we drop the aa bit, since we clearly are not providing an authoritative +answer. + +Lines 4 and 5 lookup and verify if there is actually an NS record at the +zone cut. This should always be true. + +In line 7 we store room for the NS server names we will need to look up +glue for. In line 8 we iterate over the NS records, which we put in the +`DNSMessageWriter` on line 9. On line 10 we store glue record names. + +Finally on line 12, we call `addAdditional` which will look up the glue +names for us. This completes the response in case of a delegation. + +Note that contrary to RFC 1034, `addAdditional` **only** looks for glue +within the `bestzone` itself. + +## NXDOMAIN + +``` +1 else if(!searchname.empty()) { +2 if(!CNAMELoopCount) // RFC 1034, 4.3.2, step 3.c +3 response.dh.rcode = (int)RCode::Nxdomain; +4 const auto& rrset = bestzone->rrsets[DNSType::SOA]; +5 +6 response.putRR(DNSSection::Authority, zonename, DNSType::SOA, rrset.ttl, rrset.contents[0]); +7 } +``` + +If `find` returned with a non-empty `searchname`, it meant there were parts +of the query name that could not be matched to a node. We checked for a +zonecut earlier (in the previous section), there was none. So this name +really does not exist. + +In line 3 we set the response status to NXDOMAIN, unless we've looped +through a CNAME already. + +In line 4 we look up the SOA record of our `bestzone` and in line 6 we put +it in the message. + +## Node exists +At this stage we know a node exists for this name, although it may actually +be a wildcard node. We do not actually care if it is. Here is what we have +to do first though. + +### Check for a CNAME + +``` +1 auto iter = node->rrsets.cbegin(); +2 if(iter = node->rrsets.find(DNSType::CNAME), iter != node->rrsets.end()) { +5 const auto& rrset = iter->second; +6 response.putRR(DNSSection::Answer, lastnode+zonename, DNSType::CNAME, rrset.ttl, rrset.contents[0]); +7 DNSName target=dynamic_cast(rrset.contents[0].get())->d_name; +8 if(target.makeRelative(zonename)) { +9 searchname = target; +10 if(CNAMELoopCount++ < 10) { +11 lastnode.clear(); +12 zonecutname.clear(); +13 goto loopCNAME; +14 } +15 } +16 else +17 cout<<" CNAME points to record " << target << " in other zone, good luck" << endl; +18 } +``` + +Line 1 defines an iterator for our subsequent lookup in line 2: is there a +CNAME at this node? If so, in line 6 we put it in the DNSMessage. In line 7 +we extract the target of the CNAME. + +In line 8 we again violate the RFC 1034 algorithm by checking if the CNAME +points to somewhere within our own zone. If it points to another zone, we +are not going to chase this CNAME. + +On line 9 we redirect ourselves if within the same zone. We also check if we +haven't looped 'too much' already. It appears everyone has picked the number +10 for this. We do some cleanup on lines 11 and 12 and finally on line 13 we +restart our algorithm. With a goto. + +### Name exists, no CNAME, matching types +``` +1 if(iter = node->rrsets.find(qtype), iter != node->rrsets.end() || (!node->rrsets.empty() && qtype==DNSType::ANY)) { +2 auto range = make_pair(iter, iter); +3 if(qtype == DNSType::ANY) +4 range = make_pair(node->rrsets.begin(), node->rrsets.end()); +5 else +6 ++range.second; +7 for(auto i2 = range.first; i2 != range.second; ++i2) { +8 const auto& rrset = i2->second; +9 for(const auto& rr : rrset.contents) { +10 response.putRR(DNSSection::Answer, lastnode+zonename, i2->first, rrset.ttl, rr); +11 if(i2->first == DNSType::MX) +12 additional.push_back(dynamic_cast< MXGen* >(rr.get())->d_name); +13 } +14 } +15 } +``` + +On line 1 is a somewhat tricky lookup that tries to find the query type in +the RRSET, and if it could not be found, if the query maybe was for ANY and +there are records that could be matched. + +On lines 2 to 6 we either pick the matching RRSet to put in the DNSMessage, +or we set it up so we iterate over all types, which we then do on lines 8 to +14. + +Note that again we gather up the server name of the MX record for additional +processing. If we supported SRV records, we would do the same for them. + +### The name exists, but no types or no types match +Finally one of the most vexing parts of DNS: a name that exists, but there +are no types or at least no matching types. This could be an 'empty +non-terminal', created out of thin air by 'some.long.name.powerdns.org'. +This DNS Name populates nodes all along its length, even if no RRSets are +attached to 'long.name.powerdns.org' for example. + +In many servers this is tricky, but since we followed a DNS tree based +design with nodes, our code is trivial: + +``` +1 else { +2 const auto& rrset = bestzone->rrsets[DNSType::SOA]; +3 response.putRR(DNSSection::Authority, zonename, DNSType::SOA, rrset.ttl, rrset.contents[0]); +4 } +``` + +All we have to do is 'else' off the previous case, and add the SOA record. + +# AXFR +AXFR over TCP/IP consists of a series of DNS messages, each prefixed by a 16 +bit length field. The first and last RRSet contained within these DNS +message(s) must be the SOA record of a zone. Code: + +``` +1 DNSMessageWriter response(std::numeric_limits< uint16_t >::max()-sizeof(dnsheader)); +2 DNSName zone; +3 auto fnd = zones->find(name, zone); +4 if(!fnd || !fnd->zone || !name.empty() || !fnd->zone->rrsets.count(DNSType::SOA)) { +5 cout<< " This was not a zone, or zone had no SOA" << endl; +6 return; +7 } +8 response.dh = dm.dh; +9 response.dh.ad = response.dh.ra = response.dh.aa = 0; +10 response.dh.qr = 1; +11 response.setQuestion(zone, type); +12 +13 auto node = fnd->zone; +14 +15 // send SOA +16 response.putRR(DNSSection::Answer, zone, DNSType::SOA, node->rrsets[DNSType::SOA].ttl, node->rrsets[DNSType::SOA].contents[0]); +17 +18 writeTCPResponse(sock, response); +``` + +In line 1 we allocate a `DNSMessageWriter` of maximum size. Lines 2-7 find +the best zone, as in the RFC 1034 algorithm. Of specific note is that 'empty +non-terminal zones' could be found by this tree walking function, so we check for this. + +The response is then prepared, copying in the original dnsheader (with the +transaction id), and setting the flags, qname and qtype correctly. + +Line 13 is again a convenience to save some typing. Line 16 adds the initial +SOA record, and the response gets sent out on line 18. + +Note that it is possible to use this first DNSMessage for the initial SOA +record and subsequent records too. To keep things simple, we don't do this +here. + +Next up is the loop to pass the rest of the zone contents: + +``` +1 response.setQuestion(zone, type); +2 +3 node->visit([&response,&sock,&name,&type,&zone](const DNSName& nname, const DNSNode* n) { +4 for(const auto& p : n->rrsets) { +5 if(p.first == DNSType::SOA) +6 continue; +7 for(const auto& rr : p.second.contents) { +8 retry: +9 try { +10 response.putRR(DNSSection::Answer, nname, p.first, p.second.ttl, rr); +11 } +12 catch(std::out_of_range& e) { // exceeded packet size +13 writeTCPResponse(sock, response); +14 response.setQuestion(zone, type); +15 goto retry; +16 } +17 } +18 } +19 }, zone); +20 +21 writeTCPResponse(sock, response); +``` + +In line 1, the DNS message is emptied of RRSets. Line 3 launches a visitor +that walks the DNS Tree and calls putRR on all RRSets it finds, except the +SOA record, which was sent already., so we skip it on line 5. + +Lines 9 to 11 attempt to put this resource record in the message. If the +record does not fit, `putRR` rolls back the addition, and throws an +exception which we catch on line 12. There we write out the message to TCP, +reset the packet, and try again. + +Finally in line 21 we write out the last `DNSMessageWriter` we filled. + +To terminate the AXFR, we now need to resend the SOA record, which we do as +follows: + +``` + response.putRR(DNSSection::Answer, zone, DNSType::SOA, node->rrsets[DNSType::SOA].ttl, node->rrsets[DNSType::SOA].contents[0]); + writeTCPResponse(sock, response); +``` + +Note: this code, in `tcpClientThread` of +[tdns.cc](https://github.com/ahupowerdns/hello-dns/blob/master/tdns/record-types.cc) +does not yet implement best TCP practices on timeouts and keeping open +connections. + + + diff --git a/tdns/tauth.md.html b/tdns/tauth.md.html new file mode 120000 index 0000000..e1f7c5e --- /dev/null +++ b/tdns/tauth.md.html @@ -0,0 +1 @@ +tauth.md \ No newline at end of file