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@ -40,11 +40,11 @@ Most reported data breaches are caused by the use of weak, default or stolen pas
--- | --- | ---
**Use a Strong Password** | Essential | If your password is too short, or contains dictionary words, places or names- then it can be easily cracked through brute force, or guessed by someone. The easiest way to make a strong password, is by making it long (12+ characters)- consider using a 'passphrase', made up of many words. Alternatively, use a password generator to create a long, strong random password. Have a play with [HowSecureIsMyPassword.net](https://howsecureismypassword.net), to get an idea of how quickly common passwords can be cracked. Read more about creating strong passwords: [securityinabox.org](https://securityinabox.org/en/passwords/passwords-and-2fa/)
**Don't reuse Passwords** | Essential | If someone was to reuse a password, and one site they had an account with suffered a leak, then a criminal could easily gain unauthorized access to their other accounts. This is usually done through large-scale automated login requests, and it is called Credential Stuffing. Unfortunately this is all too common, but it's simple to protect against- use a different password for each of your online accounts
**Use a Secure Password Manager** | Essential | For most people it is going to be near-impossible to remember hundreds of strong and unique passwords. A password manager is an application that generates, stores and auto-fills your login credentials for you. All your passwords will be encrypted against 1 master passwords (which you must remember, and it should be very strong). Most password managers have browser extensions and mobile apps, so whatever device you are on, your passwords can be auto-filled. A good all-rounder is [BitWarden](https://bitwarden.com), or see [Recommended Password Managers](https://github.com/Lissy93/awesome-privacy#password-managers)
**Use a Secure Password Manager** | Essential | For most people it is going to be near-impossible to remember hundreds of strong and unique passwords. A password manager is an application that generates, stores and auto-fills your login credentials for you. All your passwords will be encrypted against 1 master passwords (which you must remember, and it should be very strong). Most password managers have browser extensions and mobile apps, so whatever device you are on, your passwords can be auto-filled. A good all-rounder is [Bitwarden](https://awesome-privacy.xyz/essentials/password-managers/bitwarden), or see [Recommended Password Managers](https://awesome-privacy.xyz/essentials/password-managers)
**Avoid sharing passwords** | Essential | While there may be times that you need to share access to an account with another person, you should generally avoid doing this because it makes it easier for the account to become compromised. If you absolutely do need to share a password for example when working on a team with a shared account this should be done via features built into a password manager.
**Enable 2-Factor Authentication** | Essential | 2FA is where you must provide both something you know (a password) and something you have (such as a code on your phone) to log in. This means that if anyone has got your password (e.g. through phishing, malware or a data breach), they will not be able to log into your account. It's easy to get started, download [an authenticator app](https://github.com/Lissy93/awesome-privacy#2-factor-authentication) onto your phone, and then go to your account security settings and follow the steps to enable 2FA. Next time you log in on a new device, you will be prompted for the code that displays in the app on your phone (it works without internet, and the code usually changes every 30-seconds)
**Keep Backup Codes Safe** | Essential | When you enable multi-factor authentication, you will usually be given several codes that you can use if your 2FA method is lost, broken or unavailable. Keep these codes somewhere safe to prevent loss or unauthorized access. You should store these on paper or in a safe place on disk (e.g. in offline storage or in an encrypted file/drive). Don't store these in your Password Manager as 2FA sources and passwords and should be kept separately.
**Sign up for Breach Alerts** | Optional | After a website suffers a significant data breach, the leaked data often ends up on the internet. There are several websites that collect these leaked records, and allow you to search your email address to check if you are in any of their lists. [Firefox Monitor](https://monitor.firefox.com), [Have I been pwned](https://haveibeenpwned.com) and [DeHashed](https://dehashed.com) allow you to sign up for monitoring, where they will notify you if your email address appears in any new data sets. It is useful to know as soon as possible when this happens, so that you can change your passwords for the affected accounts. Have I been pwned also has domain-wide notification, where you can receive alerts if any email addresses under your entire domain appear (useful if you use aliases for [anonymous forwarding](https://github.com/Lissy93/awesome-privacy#anonymous-mail-forwarding))
**Sign up for Breach Alerts** | Optional | After a website suffers a significant data breach, the leaked data often ends up on the internet. There are several websites that collect these leaked records, and allow you to search your email address to check if you are in any of their lists. [Firefox Monitor](https://monitor.firefox.com), [Have I been pwned](https://haveibeenpwned.com) and [DeHashed](https://dehashed.com) allow you to sign up for monitoring, where they will notify you if your email address appears in any new data sets. It is useful to know as soon as possible when this happens, so that you can change your passwords for the affected accounts. [Have i been pwned](https://awesome-privacy.xyz/security-tools/online-tools/have-i-been-pwned) also has domain-wide notification, where you can receive alerts if any email addresses under your entire domain appear (useful if you use aliases for [anonymous forwarding](https://github.com/Lissy93/awesome-privacy#anonymous-mail-forwarding))
**Shield your Password/ PIN** | Optional | When typing your password in public places, ensure you are not in direct line of site of a CCTV camera and that no one is able to see over your shoulder. Cover your password or pin code while you type, and do not reveal any plain text passwords on screen
**Update Critical Passwords Periodically** | Optional | Database leaks and breaches are common, and it is likely that several of your passwords are already somewhere online. Occasionally updating passwords of security-critical accounts can help mitigate this. But providing that all your passwords are long, strong and unique, there is no need to do this too often- annually should be sufficient. Enforcing mandatory password changes within organisations is [no longer recommended](https://duo.com/decipher/microsoft-will-no-longer-recommend-forcing-periodic-password-changes), as it encourages colleagues to select weaker passwords
**Don’t save your password in browsers** | Optional | Most modern browsers offer to save your credentials when you log into a site. Don’t allow this, as they are not always encrypted, hence could allow someone to gain access into your accounts. Instead use a dedicated password manager to store (and auto-fill) your passwords
@ -57,7 +57,7 @@ Most reported data breaches are caused by the use of weak, default or stolen pas
**Avoid Face Unlock** | Advanced | Most phones and laptops offer a facial recognition authentication feature, using the camera to compare a snapshot of your face with a stored hash. It may be very convenient, but there are numerous ways to [fool it](https://www.forbes.com/sites/jvchamary/2017/09/18/security-apple-face-id-iphone-x/) and gain access to the device, through digital photos and reconstructions from CCTV footage. Unlike your password- there are likely photos of your face on the internet, and videos recorded by surveillance cameras
**Watch out for Keyloggers** | Advanced | A hardware [keylogger](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hardware_keylogger) is a physical device planted between your keyboard and the USB port, which intercepts all key strokes, and sometimes relays data to a remote server. It gives a hacker access to everything typed, including passwords. The best way to stay protected, is just by checking your USB connection after your PC has been unattended. It is also possible for keyloggers to be planted inside the keyboard housing, so look for any signs that the case has been tampered with, and consider bringing your own keyboard to work. Data typed on a virtual keyboard, pasted from the clipboard or auto-filled by a password manager can not be intercepted by a hardware keylogger.
**Consider a Hardware Token** | Advanced | A U2F/ FIDO2 security key is a USB (or NFC) device that you insert while logging in to an online service, in to verify your identity, instead of entering a OTP from your authenticator. [SoloKey](https://solokeys.com) and [NitroKey](https://www.nitrokey.com) are examples of such keys. They bring with them several security benefits, since the browser communicates directly with the device and cannot be fooled as to which host is requesting authentication, because the TLS certificate is checked. [This post](https://security.stackexchange.com/a/71704) is a good explanation of the security of using FIDO U2F tokens. Of course it is important to store the physical key somewhere safe, or keep it on your person. Some online accounts allow for several methods of 2FA to be enabled
**Consider Offline Password Manager** | Advanced | For increased security, an encrypted offline password manager will give you full control over your data. [KeePass](https://keepass.info) is a popular choice, with lots of [plugins](https://keepass.info/plugins.html) and community forks with additional compatibility and functionality. Popular clients include: [KeePassXC](https://keepassxc.org) (desktop), [KeePassDX](https://www.keepassdx.com) (Android) and [StrongBox](https://apps.apple.com/us/app/strongbox-password-safe/id897283731) (iOS). The drawback being that it may be slightly less convenient for some, and it will be up to you to back it up, and store it securely
**Consider Offline Password Manager** | Advanced | For increased security, an encrypted offline password manager will give you full control over your data. [KeePass](https://awesome-privacy.xyz/essentials/password-managers/keepass) is a popular choice, with lots of [plugins](https://[KeePass](https://awesome-privacy.xyz/essentials/password-managers/keepass).info/plugins.html) and community forks with additional compatibility and functionality. Popular clients include: [KeePassXC](https://keepassxc.org) (desktop), [KeePassDX](https://www.keepassdx.com) (Android) and [StrongBox](https://apps.apple.com/us/app/strongbox-password-safe/id897283731) (iOS). The drawback being that it may be slightly less convenient for some, and it will be up to you to back it up, and store it securely
**Consider Unique Usernames** | Advanced | Having different passwords for each account is a good first step, but if you also use a unique username, email or phone number to log in, then it will be significantly harder for anyone trying to gain unauthorised access. The easiest method for multiple emails, is using auto-generated aliases for anonymous mail forwarding. This is where [anything]@yourdomain.com will arrive in your inbox, allowing you to use a different email for each account (see [Mail Alias Providers](https://github.com/Lissy93/awesome-privacy#anonymous-mail-forwarding)). Usernames are easier, since you can use your password manager to generate, store and auto-fill these. Virtual phone numbers can be generated through your VOIP provider
### Recommended Software
@ -75,21 +75,21 @@ This section outlines the steps you can take, to be better protected from threat
**Security** | **Priority** | **Details and Hints**
--- | --- | ---
**Block Ads** | Essential | Using an ad-blocker can help improve your privacy, by blocking the trackers that ads implement. [uBlock Origin](https://github.com/gorhill/uBlock) is a very efficient and open source browser addon, developed by Raymond Hill. When 3rd-party ads are displayed on a webpage, they have the ability to track you, gathering personal information about you and your habits, which can then be sold, or used to show you more targeted ads, and some ads are plain malicious or fake. Blocking ads also makes pages load faster, uses less data and provides a less cluttered experience.
**Ensure Website is Legitimate** | Basic | It may sound obvious, but when you logging into any online accounts, double check the URL is correct. Storing commonly visited sites in your bookmarks is a good way to ensure the URL is easy to find. When visiting new websites, look for common signs that it could be unsafe: Browser warnings, redirects, on-site spam and pop-ups. You can also check a website using a tool, such as: [Virus Total URL Scanner](https://www.virustotal.com/gui/home/url), [IsLegitSite](https://www.islegitsite.com), [Google Safe Browsing Status](https://transparencyreport.google.com/safe-browsing/search) if you are unsure.
**Block Ads** | Essential | Using an ad-blocker can help improve your privacy, by blocking the trackers that ads implement. [uBlock Origin](https://awesome-privacy.xyz/networking/ad-blockers/ublock-origin) is a very efficient and open source browser addon, developed by Raymond Hill. When 3rd-party ads are displayed on a webpage, they have the ability to track you, gathering personal information about you and your habits, which can then be sold, or used to show you more targeted ads, and some ads are plain malicious or fake. Blocking ads also makes pages load faster, uses less data and provides a less cluttered experience.
**Ensure Website is Legitimate** | Basic | It may sound obvious, but when you logging into any online accounts, double check the URL is correct. Storing commonly visited sites in your bookmarks is a good way to ensure the URL is easy to find. When visiting new websites, look for common signs that it could be unsafe: Browser warnings, redirects, on-site spam and pop-ups. You can also check a website using a tool, such as: [Virus Total](https://awesome-privacy.xyz/security-tools/online-tools/virus-total), [IsLegitSite](https://www.islegitsite.com), [Google Safe Browsing Status](https://transparencyreport.google.com/safe-browsing/search) if you are unsure.
**Watch out for Browser Malware** | Basic | Your system or browser can be compromised by spyware, miners, browser hijackers, malicious redirects, adware etc. You can usually stay protected, just by: ignoring pop-ups, be wary of what your clicking, don't proceed to a website if your browser warns you it may be malicious. Common signs of browser malware include: default search engine or homepage has been modified, toolbars, unfamiliar extensions or icons, significantly more ads, errors and pages loading much slower than usual. These articles from Heimdal explain [signs of browser malware](https://heimdalsecurity.com/blog/warning-signs-operating-system-infected-malware), [how browsers get infected](https://heimdalsecurity.com/blog/practical-online-protection-where-malware-hides) and [how to remove browser malware](https://heimdalsecurity.com/blog/malware-removal).
**Use a Privacy-Respecting Browser** | Essential | [Firefox](https://www.mozilla.org/en-US/firefox/new) (with a few tweaks) and [Brave](https://brave.com) are secure, private-respecting browsers. Both are fast, open source, user-friendly and available on all major operating systems. Your browser has access to everything that you do online, so if possible, avoid Google Chrome, Edge and Safari as (without correct configuration) all three of them, collect usage data, call home and allow for invasive tracking. Firefox requires a few changes to achieve optimal security, for example - [arkenfox](https://github.com/arkenfox/user.js/wiki) or [12byte](https://12bytes.org/firefox-configuration-guide-for-privacy-freaks-and-performance-buffs/)'s user.js configs. See more: [Privacy Browsers](https://github.com/Lissy93/awesome-privacy#browsers).
**Use a Private Search Engine** | Essential | Using a privacy-preserving, non-tracking search engine, will reduce risk that your search terms are not logged, or used against you. Consider [DuckDuckGo](https://duckduckgo.com), [Qwant](https://www.qwant.com), or [SearX](https://searx.me) (self-hosted). Google implements some [incredibly invasive](https://hackernoon.com/data-privacy-concerns-with-google-b946f2b7afea) tracking policies, and have a history of displaying [biased search results](https://www.businessinsider.com/evidence-that-google-search-results-are-biased-2014-10). Therefore Google, along with Bing, Baidu, Yahoo and Yandex are incompatible with anyone looking to protect their privacy. It is recommended to update your [browsers default search](https://duckduckgo.com/install) to a privacy-respecting search engine.
**Remove Unnecessary Browser Addons** | Essential | Extensions are able to see, log or modify anything you do in the browser, and some innocent looking browser apps, have malicious intentions. Websites can see which extensions you have installed, and may use this to enhance your fingerprint, to more accurately identify/ track you. Both Firefox and Chrome web stores allow you to check what permissions/access rights an extension requires before you install it. Check the reviews. Only install extensions you really need, and removed those which you haven't used in a while.
**Use a Privacy-Respecting Browser** | Essential | [Firefox](https://awesome-privacy.xyz/essentials/browsers/firefox) (with a few tweaks) and [Brave](https://awesome-privacy.xyz/essentials/browsers/brave-browser) are secure, private-respecting browsers. Both are fast, open source, user-friendly and available on all major operating systems. Your browser has access to everything that you do online, so if possible, avoid Google Chrome, Edge and Safari as (without correct configuration) all three of them, collect usage data, call home and allow for invasive tracking. Firefox requires a few changes to achieve optimal security, for example - [arkenfox](https://github.com/arkenfox/user.js/wiki) or [12byte](https://12bytes.org/firefox-configuration-guide-for-privacy-freaks-and-performance-buffs/)'s user.js configs. See more: [Privacy Browsers](https://github.com/Lissy93/awesome-privacy#browsers).
**Use a Private Search Engine** | Essential | Using a privacy-preserving, non-tracking search engine, will reduce risk that your search terms are not logged, or used against you. Consider [DuckDuckGo](https://awesome-privacy.xyz/essentials/search-engines/duckduckgo), or [Qwant](https://awesome-privacy.xyz/essentials/search-engines/qwant). Google implements some [incredibly invasive](https://hackernoon.com/data-privacy-concerns-with-google-b946f2b7afea) tracking policies, and have a history of displaying [biased search results](https://www.businessinsider.com/evidence-that-google-search-results-are-biased-2014-10). Therefore Google, along with Bing, Baidu, Yahoo and Yandex are incompatible with anyone looking to protect their privacy. It is recommended to update your [browsers default search](https://duckduckgo.com/install) to a privacy-respecting search engine.
**Remove Unnecessary Browser Addons** | Essential | Extensions are able to see, log or modify anything you do in the browser, and some innocent looking browser apps, have malicious intentions. Websites can see which extensions you have installed, and may use this to enhance your fingerprint, to more accurately identify/ track you. Both [Firefox](https://awesome-privacy.xyz/essentials/browsers/firefox) and Chrome web stores allow you to check what permissions/access rights an extension requires before you install it. Check the reviews. Only install extensions you really need, and removed those which you haven't used in a while.
**Keep Browser Up-to-date** | Essential | Browser vulnerabilities are constantly being [discovered](https://cve.mitre.org/cgi-bin/cvekey.cgi?keyword=browser) and patched, so it’s important to keep it up to date, to avoid a zero-day exploit. You can [see which browser version you're using here](https://www.whatismybrowser.com/), or follow [this guide](https://www.whatismybrowser.com/guides/how-to-update-your-browser/) for instructions on how to update. Some browsers will auto-update to the latest stable version.
**Check for HTTPS** | Essential | If you enter information on a non-HTTPS website, this data is transported unencrypted and can therefore be read by anyone who intercepts it. Do not enter any data on a non-HTTPS website, but also do not let the green padlock give you a false sense of security, just because a website has SSL certificate, does not mean that it is legitimate or trustworthy. [HTTPS-Everywhere](https://www.eff.org/https-everywhere) (developed by the [EFF](https://www.eff.org/)) used to be a browser extension/addon that automatically enabled HTTPS on websites, but as of 2022 is now deprecated. In their [accouncement article](https://www.eff.org/) the EFF explains that most browsers now integrate such protections. Additionally, it provides instructions for Firefox, Chrome, Edge and Safari browsers on how to enable their HTTPS secure protections.
**Use DNS-over-HTTPS** | Essential | Traditional DNS makes requests in plain text for everyone to see. It allows for eavesdropping and manipulation of DNS data through man-in-the-middle attacks. Whereas DNS-over-HTTPS performs DNS resolution via the HTTPS protocol, meaning data between you and your DNS resolver is encrypted. A popular option is Cloudflare's 1.1.1.1, or compare providers- it is simple to enable in-browser. Note that DoH comes with its own issues, mostly preventing web filtering.
**Multi-Session Containers** | Essential | Compartmentalisation is really important to keep different aspects of your browsing separate. For example, using different profiles for work, general browsing, social media, online shopping etc will reduce the number associations that data brokers can link back to you. One option is to make use of Firefox Containers which is designed exactly for this purpose. Alternatively, you could use different browsers for different tasks (Brave, Firefox, Tor etc).
**Check for HTTPS** | Essential | If you enter information on a non-HTTPS website, this data is transported unencrypted and can therefore be read by anyone who intercepts it. Do not enter any data on a non-HTTPS website, but also do not let the green padlock give you a false sense of security, just because a website has SSL certificate, does not mean that it is legitimate or trustworthy. [HTTPS-Everywhere](https://www.eff.org/https-everywhere) (developed by the [EFF](https://www.eff.org/)) used to be a browser extension/addon that automatically enabled HTTPS on websites, but as of 2022 is now deprecated. In their [accouncement article](https://www.eff.org/) the EFF explains that most browsers now integrate such protections. Additionally, it provides instructions for [Firefox](https://awesome-privacy.xyz/essentials/browsers/firefox), Chrome, Edge and Safari browsers on how to enable their HTTPS secure protections.
**Use DNS-over-HTTPS** | Essential | Traditional DNS makes requests in plain text for everyone to see. It allows for eavesdropping and manipulation of DNS data through man-in-the-middle attacks. Whereas DNS-over-HTTPS performs DNS resolution via the HTTPS protocol, meaning data between you and your DNS resolver is encrypted. A popular option is [CloudFlare](https://awesome-privacy.xyz/networking/dns-providers/cloudflare)'s [1.1.1.1](https://awesome-privacy.xyz/security-tools/mobile-apps/1.1.1.1), or compare providers- it is simple to enable in-browser. Note that DoH comes with its own issues, mostly preventing web filtering.
**Multi-[Session](https://awesome-privacy.xyz/communication/encrypted-messaging/session) Containers** | Essential | Compartmentalisation is really important to keep different aspects of your browsing separate. For example, using different profiles for work, general browsing, social media, online shopping etc will reduce the number associations that data brokers can link back to you. One option is to make use of [Firefox Containers](https://awesome-privacy.xyz/security-tools/browser-extensions/firefox-multi-account-containers) which is designed exactly for this purpose. Alternatively, you could use different browsers for different tasks ([Brave](https://awesome-privacy.xyz/essentials/browsers/brave-browser), [Firefox](https://awesome-privacy.xyz/essentials/browsers/firefox), [Tor](https://awesome-privacy.xyz/networking/mix-networks/tor) etc).
**Use Incognito** | Essential | When using someone else's machine, ensure that you're in a private/ incognito session. This will prevent browser history, cookies and some data being saved, but is not fool-proof- you can still be tracked.
**Understand Your Browser Fingerprint** | Essential | Browser Fingerprinting is an incredibly accurate method of tracking, where a website identifies you based on your device information. You can view your fingerprint at amiunique.org- The aim is to be as un-unique as possible.
**Manage Cookies** | Essential | Clearing cookies regularly is one step you can take to help reduce websites from tracking you. Cookies may also store your session token, which if captured, would allow someone to access your accounts without credentials. To mitigate this you should clear cookies often.
**Block Third-Party Cookies** | Essential | Third-party cookies placed on your device by a website other than the one you’re visiting. This poses a privacy risk, as a 3rd entity can collect data from your current session. This guide explains how you can disable 3rd-party cookies, and you can check here ensure this worked.
**Block Third-Party Trackers** | Essential | Blocking trackers will help to stop websites, advertisers, analytics and more from tracking you in the background. Privacy Badger, DuckDuckGo Privacy Essentials, uBlock Origin and uMatrix (advanced) are all very effective, open source tracker-blockers available for all major browsers.
**Block Third-Party Trackers** | Essential | Blocking trackers will help to stop websites, advertisers, analytics and more from tracking you in the background. [Privacy Badger](https://awesome-privacy.xyz/security-tools/browser-extensions/privacy-badger), [DuckDuckGo Privacy Essentials](https://awesome-privacy.xyz/security-tools/browser-extensions/privacy-essentials), [uBlock Origin](https://awesome-privacy.xyz/networking/ad-blockers/ublock-origin) and uMatrix (advanced) are all very effective, open source tracker-blockers available for all major browsers.
**Beware of Redirects** | Optional | While some redirects are harmless, others, such as Unvalidated redirects are used in phishing attacks, it can make a malicious link seem legitimate. If you are unsure about a redirect URL, you can check where it forwards to with a tool like RedirectDetective.
**Do Not Sign Into Your Browser** | Optional | Many browsers allow you to sign in, in order to sync history, bookmarks and other browsing data across devices. However this not only allows for further data collection, but also increases attack surface through providing another avenue for a malicious actor to get hold of personal information.
**Disallow Prediction Services** | Optional | Some browsers allow for prediction services, where you receive real-time search results or URL auto-fill. If this is enabled then data is sent to Google (or your default search engine) with every keypress, rather than when you hit enter.
@ -101,18 +101,18 @@ This section outlines the steps you can take, to be better protected from threat
**Disallow Camera/ Microphone access** | Optional | Check browser settings to ensure that no websites are granted access to webcam or microphone. It may also be beneficial to use physical protection such as a webcam cover and microphone blocker.
**Disable Browser Password Saves** | Optional | Do not allow your browser to store usernames and passwords. These can be easily viewed or accessed. Instead use a password manager.
**Disable Browser Autofill** | Optional | Turn off autofill for any confidential or personal details. This feature can be harmful if your browser is compromised in any way. Instead, consider using your password manager's Notes feature.
**Protect from Exfil Attack** | Optional | The CSS Exfiltrate attack is a method where credentials and other sensitive details can be snagged with just pure CSS. You can stay protected, with the CSS Exfil Protection plugin.
**Protect from Exfil Attack** | Optional | The CSS Exfiltrate attack is a method where credentials and other sensitive details can be snagged with just pure CSS. You can stay protected, with the [CSS Exfil Protection](https://awesome-privacy.xyz/security-tools/browser-extensions/css-exfil-protection) plugin.
**Deactivate ActiveX** | Optional | ActiveX is a browser extension API that built into Microsoft IE, and enabled by default. It's not commonly used anymore, but since it gives plugins intimate access rights, and can be dangerous, therefore you should disable it.
**Disable WebRTC** | Optional | WebRTC allows high-quality audio/video communication and peer-to-peer file-sharing straight from the browser. However it can pose as a privacy leak. To learn more, check out this guide.
**Spoof HTML5 Canvas Sig** | Optional | Canvas Fingerprinting allows websites to identify and track users very accurately. You can use the Canvas-Fingerprint-Blocker extension to spoof your fingerprint or use Tor.
**Spoof HTML5 Canvas Sig** | Optional | Canvas Fingerprinting allows websites to identify and track users very accurately. You can use the Canvas-Fingerprint-Blocker extension to spoof your fingerprint or use [Tor](https://awesome-privacy.xyz/networking/mix-networks/tor).
**Spoof User Agent** | Optional | The user agent tells the website what device, browser and version you are using. Switching user agent periodically is one small step you can take to become less unique.
**Disregard DNT** | Optional | Enabling Do Not Track has very limited impact, since many websites do not respect or follow this. Since it is rarely used, it may also add to your signature, making you more unique.
**Prevent HSTS Tracking** | Optional | HSTS was designed to help secure websites, but privacy concerns have been raised as it allowed site operators to plant super-cookies. It can be disabled by visiting chrome://net-internals/#hsts in Chromium-based browsers.
**Prevent Automatic Browser Connections** | Optional | Even when you are not using your browser, it may call home to report on usage activity, analytics and diagnostics. You may wish to disable some of this, which can be done through the settings.
**Enable 1st-Party Isolation** | Optional | First party isolation means that all identifier sources and browser state are scoped using the URL bar domain, this can greatly reduce tracking.
**Strip Tracking Params from URLs** | Advanced | Websites often append additional GET parameters to URLs that you click, to identify information like source/referrer. You can sanitize manually, or use an extension like ClearUrls to strip tracking data from URLs automatically.
**Enable 1st-Party Isolation** | Optional | [First Party Isolation](https://awesome-privacy.xyz/security-tools/browser-extensions/first-party-isolation) means that all identifier sources and browser state are scoped using the URL bar domain, this can greatly reduce tracking.
**Strip Tracking Params from URLs** | Advanced | Websites often append additional GET parameters to URLs that you click, to identify information like source/referrer. You can sanitize manually, or use an extension like [ClearURLs](https://awesome-privacy.xyz/security-tools/browser-extensions/clearurls) to strip tracking data from URLs automatically.
**First Launch Security** | Advanced | After installing a web browser, the first time you launch it (prior to configuring its privacy settings), most browsers will call home. Therefore, after installing a browser, you should first disable your internet connection, then configure privacy options before reenabling your internet connectivity.
**Use The Tor Browser** | Advanced | The Tor Project provides a browser that encrypts and routes your traffic through multiple nodes, keeping users safe from interception and tracking. The main drawbacks are speed and user experience.
**Use The Tor Browser** | Advanced | The [Tor](https://awesome-privacy.xyz/networking/mix-networks/tor) Project provides a browser that encrypts and routes your traffic through multiple nodes, keeping users safe from interception and tracking. The main drawbacks are speed and user experience.
**Disable JavaScript** | Advanced | Many modern web apps are JavaScript-based, so disabling it will greatly decrease your browsing experience. But if you really want to go all out, then it will really reduce your attack surface.
### Recommended Software
@ -138,7 +138,7 @@ The big companies providing "free" email service, don't have a good reputation f
**Use Plaintext** | Optional | There are two main types of emails on the internet: plaintext and HTML. The former is strongly preferred for privacy & security as HTML messages often include identifiers in links and inline images, which can collect usage and personal data. There's also numerous risks of remote code execution targeting the HTML parser of your mail client, which cannot be exploited if you are using plaintext. For more info, as well as setup instructions for your mail provider, see [UsePlaintext.email](https://useplaintext.email/).
**Don’t connect third-party apps to your email account** | Optional | If you give a third-party app or plug-in full access to your inbox, they effectively have full unhindered access to all your emails and their contents, which poses significant security and privacy risks.
**Don't Share Sensitive Data via Email** | Optional | Emails are very easily intercepted. Furthermore, you can’t be sure of how secure your recipient's environment is. Therefore, emails cannot be considered safe for exchanging confidential information, unless it is encrypted.
**Consider Switching to a Secure Mail Provider** | Optional | Secure and reputable email providers such as Forward Email, ProtonMail, and Tutanota allow for end-to-end encryption, full privacy as well as more security-focused features. Unlike typical email providers, your mailbox cannot be read by anyone but you, since all messages are encrypted.
**Consider Switching to a Secure Mail Provider** | Optional | Secure and reputable email providers such as [Forward Email](https://awesome-privacy.xyz/communication/encrypted-email/forward-email), [ProtonMail](https://awesome-privacy.xyz/communication/mail-forwarding/protonmail), and [Tutanota](https://awesome-privacy.xyz/communication/encrypted-email/tuta) allow for end-to-end encryption, full privacy as well as more security-focused features. Unlike typical email providers, your mailbox cannot be read by anyone but you, since all messages are encrypted.
**Use Smart Key** | Advanced | OpenPGP does not support Forward secrecy, which means if either your or the recipient's private key is ever stolen, all previous messages encrypted with it will be exposed. Therefore, you should take great care to keep your private keys safe. One method of doing so, is to use a USB Smart Key to sign or decrypt messages, allowing you to do so without your private key leaving the USB device.
**Use Aliasing / Anonymous Forwarding** | Advanced | Email aliasing allows messages to be sent to [anything]@my-domain.com and still land in your primary inbox. Effectively allowing you to use a different, unique email address for each service you sign up for. This means if you start receiving spam, you can block that alias and determine which company leaked your email address.
**Subaddressing** | Optional | An alternative to aliasing is subaddressing, where anything after the `+` symbol is omitted during mail delivery. This enables you to keep track of who shared/ leaked your email address, but unlike aliasing, it will not protect against your real address being revealed.
@ -252,7 +252,7 @@ This section covers how you connect your devices to the internet securely, inclu
**Disable Unused Remote Access Protocols** | Optional | When protocols such as PING, Telnet, SSH, UPnP, and HNAP etc are enabled, they allow your router to be probed from anywhere in the world.
**Disable Cloud-Based Management** | Optional | You should treat your router's admin panel with the utmost care, as considerable damage can be caused if an attacker is able to gain access.
**Manage Range Correctly** | Optional | It's common to want to pump your router's range to the max, but if you reside in a smaller flat, your attack surface is increased when your WiFi network can be picked up across the street.
**Route all traffic through Tor** | Advanced | VPNs have their weaknesses. For increased security, route all your internet traffic through the Tor network.
**Route all traffic through [Tor](https://awesome-privacy.xyz/networking/mix-networks/tor)** | Advanced | VPNs have their weaknesses. For increased security, route all your internet traffic through the [Tor](https://awesome-privacy.xyz/networking/mix-networks/tor) network.
**Disable WiFi on all Devices** | Advanced | Connecting to even a secure WiFi network increases your attack surface. Disabling your home WiFi and connect each device via Ethernet.
### Recommended Software
@ -280,7 +280,7 @@ More of us are concerned about how [governments use collect and use our smart ph
**Encrypt your Device** | Essential | In order to keep your data safe from physical access, use file encryption. This will mean if your device is lost or stolen, no one will have access to your data.
**Turn off connectivity features that aren’t being used** | Essential | When you're not using WiFi, Bluetooth, NFC etc, turn those features off. There are several common threats that utilise these features.
**Keep app count to a minimum** | Essential | Uninstall apps that you don’t need or use regularly. As apps often run in the background, slowing your device down, but also collecting data.
**App Permissions** | Essential | Don’t grant apps permissions that they don’t need. For Android, Bouncer is an app that allows you to grant temporary/ 1-off permissions.
**App Permissions** | Essential | Don’t grant apps permissions that they don’t need. For Android, [Bouncer](https://awesome-privacy.xyz/security-tools/mobile-apps/bouncer) is an app that allows you to grant temporary/ 1-off permissions.
**Only install Apps from official source** | Essential | Applications on Apple App Store and Google Play Store are scanned and cryptographically signed, making them less likely to be malicious.
**Be Careful of Phone Charging Threats** | Optional | Juice Jacking is when hackers use public charging stations to install malware on your smartphone or tablet through a compromised USB port.
**Set up a mobile carrier PIN** | Essential | SIM hijacking is when a hacker is able to get your mobile number transferred to their sim. The easiest way to protect against this is to set up a PIN through your mobile provider.
@ -288,15 +288,15 @@ More of us are concerned about how [governments use collect and use our smart ph
**Use Offline Maps** | Optional | Consider using an offline maps app, such as OsmAnd or Organic Maps, to reduce data leaks from map apps.
**Opt-out of personalized ads** | Optional | You can slightly reduce the amount of data collected by opting-out of seeing personalized ads.
**Erase after too many login attempts** | Optional | To protect against an attacker brute forcing your pin, set your device to erase after too many failed login attempts.
**Monitor Trackers** | Optional | εxodus is a great service which lets you search for any app and see which trackers are embedded in it.
**Monitor Trackers** | Optional | [εxodus](https://awesome-privacy.xyz/security-tools/online-tools/εxodus) is a great service which lets you search for any app and see which trackers are embedded in it.
**Use a Mobile Firewall** | Optional | To prevent applications from leaking privacy-sensitive data, you can install a firewall app.
**Reduce Background Activity** | Optional | For Android, SuperFreeze makes it possible to entirely freeze all background activities on a per-app basis.
**Sandbox Mobile Apps** | Optional | Prevent permission-hungry apps from accessing your private data with Island, a sandbox environment.
**Tor Traffic** | Advanced | Orbot provides a system-wide Tor connection, which will help protect you from surveillance and public WiFi threats.
**Sandbox Mobile Apps** | Optional | Prevent permission-hungry apps from accessing your private data with [Island](https://awesome-privacy.xyz/security-tools/mobile-apps/island), a sandbox environment.
**Tor Traffic** | Advanced | [Orbot](https://awesome-privacy.xyz/security-tools/mobile-apps/orbot) provides a system-wide Tor connection, which will help protect you from surveillance and public WiFi threats.
**Avoid Custom Virtual Keyboards** | Optional | It is recommended to stick with your device's stock keyboard. If you choose to use a third-party keyboard app, ensure it is reputable.
**Restart Device Regularly** | Optional | Restarting your phone at least once a week will clear the app state cached in memory and may run more smoothly after a restart.
**Avoid SMS** | Optional | SMS should not be used to receive 2FA codes or for communication, instead use an encrypted messaging app, such as Signal.
**Keep your Number Private** | Optional | MySudo allows you to create and use virtual phone numbers for different people or groups. This is great for compartmentalisation.
**Avoid SMS** | Optional | SMS should not be used to receive 2FA codes or for communication, instead use an encrypted messaging app, such as [Signal](https://awesome-privacy.xyz/communication/encrypted-messaging/signal).
**Keep your Number Private** | Optional | [MySudo](https://awesome-privacy.xyz/finance/virtual-credit-cards/mysudo) allows you to create and use virtual phone numbers for different people or groups. This is great for compartmentalisation.
**Watch out for Stalkerware** | Optional | Stalkerware is malware that is installed directly onto your device by someone you know. The best way to get rid of it is through a factory reset.
**Favor the Browser, over Dedicated App** | Optional | Where possible, consider using a secure browser to access sites, rather than installing dedicated applications.
**Consider running a custom ROM (Android)** | Advanced | If you're concerned about your device manufacturer collecting too much personal information, consider a privacy-focused custom ROM.
@ -316,7 +316,7 @@ Although Windows and OS X are easy to use and convenient, they both are far from
--- | --- | ---
**Keep your System up-to-date** | Essential | System updates contain fixes/patches for security issues, improve performance, and sometimes add new features. Install new updates when prompted.
**Encrypt your Device** | Essential | Use BitLocker for Windows, FileVault on MacOS, or LUKS on Linux, to enable full disk encryption. This prevents unauthorized access if your computer is lost or stolen.
**Backup Important Data** | Essential | Maintaining encrypted backups prevents loss due to ransomware, theft, or damage. Consider using Cryptomator for cloud files or VeraCrypt for USB drives.
**Backup Important Data** | Essential | Maintaining encrypted backups prevents loss due to ransomware, theft, or damage. Consider using [Cryptomator](https://awesome-privacy.xyz/security-tools/mobile-apps/cryptomator) for cloud files or [VeraCrypt](https://awesome-privacy.xyz/essentials/file-encryption/veracrypt) for USB drives.
**Be Careful Plugging USB Devices into your Computer** | Essential | USB devices can pose serious threats. Consider making a USB sanitizer with CIRCLean to safely check USB devices.
**Activate Screen-Lock when Idle** | Essential | Lock your computer when away and set it to require a password on resume from screensaver or sleep to prevent unauthorized access.
**Disable Cortana or Siri** | Essential | Voice-controlled assistants can have privacy implications due to data sent back for processing. Disable or limit their listening capabilities.
@ -338,9 +338,9 @@ Although Windows and OS X are easy to use and convenient, they both are far from
**Check Keyboard Connection** | Optional | Be vigilant for hardware keyloggers when using public or unfamiliar computers by checking keyboard connections.
**Prevent Keystroke Injection Attacks** | Optional | Lock your PC when away and consider using USBGuard or similar tools to protect against keystroke injection attacks.
**Don't use commercial "Free" Anti-Virus** | Optional | Rely on built-in security tools and avoid free anti-virus applications due to their potential for privacy invasion and data collection.
**Periodically check for Rootkits** | Advanced | Regularly check for rootkits to detect and mitigate full system control threats using tools like chkrootkit.
**Periodically check for Rootkits** | Advanced | Regularly check for rootkits to detect and mitigate full system control threats using tools like [chkrootkit](https://awesome-privacy.xyz/operating-systems/linux-defenses/chkrootkit).
**BIOS Boot Password** | Advanced | Enable a BIOS or UEFI password to add an additional security layer during boot-up, though be aware of its limitations.
**Use a Security-Focused Operating System** | Advanced | Consider switching to Linux or a security-focused distro like QubeOS or Tails for enhanced privacy and security.
**Use a Security-Focused Operating System** | Advanced | Consider switching to Linux or a security-focused distro like QubeOS or [Tails](https://awesome-privacy.xyz/operating-systems/desktop-operating-systems/tails) for enhanced privacy and security.
**Make Use of VMs** | Advanced | Use virtual machines for risky activities or testing suspicious software to isolate potential threats from your primary system.
**Compartmentalize** | Advanced | Isolate different programs and data sources from one another as much as possible to limit the extent of potential breaches.
**Disable Undesired Features (Windows)** | Advanced | Disable unnecessary Windows "features" and services that run in the background to reduce data collection and resource use.
@ -377,7 +377,7 @@ The most privacy-respecting option, would be to not use "smart" internet-connect
**Protect your Network** | Essential | Secure your home WiFi and network to prevent unauthorized access to smart devices.
**Be wary of wearables** | Optional | Consider the extensive data collection capabilities of wearable devices and their implications for privacy.
**Don't connect your home's critical infrastructure to the Internet** | Optional | Evaluate the risks of internet-connected thermostats, alarms, and detectors due to potential remote access by hackers.
**Mitigate Alexa/ Google Home Risks** | Optional | Consider privacy-focused alternatives like Mycroft or use Project Alias to prevent idle listening by voice-activated assistants.
**Mitigate Alexa/ Google Home Risks** | Optional | Consider privacy-focused alternatives like [Mycroft](https://awesome-privacy.xyz/smart-home-and-iot/voice-assistants/mycroft) or use Project Alias to prevent idle listening by voice-activated assistants.
**Monitor your home network closely** | Optional | Use tools like FingBox or router features to monitor for unusual network activity.
**Deny Internet access where possible** | Advanced | Use firewalls to block internet access for devices that don't need it, limiting operation to local network use.
**Assess risks** | Advanced | Consider the privacy implications for all household members and adjust device settings for security and privacy, such as disabling devices at certain times.
@ -396,11 +396,11 @@ Note about credit cards: Credit cards have technological methods in place to det
--- | --- | ---
**Sign up for Fraud Alerts and Credit Monitoring** | Essential | Enable fraud alerts and credit monitoring through Experian, TransUnion, or Equifax to be alerted of suspicious activity.
**Apply a Credit Freeze** | Essential | Prevent unauthorized credit inquiries by freezing your credit through Experian, TransUnion, and Equifax.
**Use Virtual Cards** | Optional | Utilize virtual card numbers for online transactions to protect your real banking details. Services like Privacy.com and MySudo offer such features.
**Use Cash for Local Transactions** | Optional | Pay with cash for local and everyday purchases to avoid financial profiling by institutions.
**Use Cryptocurrency for Online Transactions** | Optional | Opt for privacy-focused cryptocurrencies like Monero for online transactions to maintain anonymity. Use cryptocurrencies wisely to ensure privacy.
**Store Crypto Securely** | Advanced | Securely store cryptocurrencies using offline wallet generation, hardware wallets like Trezor or ColdCard, or consider long-term storage solutions like CryptoSteel.
**Buy Crypto Anonymously** | Advanced | Purchase cryptocurrencies without linking to your identity through services like LocalBitcoins, Bisq, or Bitcoin ATMs.
**Use Virtual Cards** | Optional | Utilize virtual card numbers for online transactions to protect your real banking details. Services like [Privacy.com](https://awesome-privacy.xyz/finance/virtual-credit-cards/privacy.com) and [MySudo](https://awesome-privacy.xyz/finance/virtual-credit-cards/mysudo) offer such features.
**Use Cash for Local Transactions** | Optional | Pay with [Cash](https://awesome-privacy.xyz/finance/other-payment-methods/cash) for local and everyday purchases to avoid financial profiling by institutions.
**Use Cryptocurrency for Online Transactions** | Optional | Opt for privacy-focused cryptocurrencies like [Monero](https://awesome-privacy.xyz/finance/cryptocurrencies/monero) for online transactions to maintain anonymity. Use cryptocurrencies wisely to ensure privacy.
**Store Crypto Securely** | Advanced | Securely store cryptocurrencies using offline wallet generation, hardware wallets like [Trezor](https://awesome-privacy.xyz/finance/crypto-wallets/trezor) or [ColdCard](https://awesome-privacy.xyz/finance/crypto-wallets/coldcard), or consider long-term storage solutions like [CryptoSteel](https://awesome-privacy.xyz/finance/crypto-wallets/cryptosteel).
**Buy Crypto Anonymously** | Advanced | Purchase cryptocurrencies without linking to your identity through services like [LocalBitcoins](https://awesome-privacy.xyz/finance/crypto-exchanges/localbitcoins), [Bisq](https://awesome-privacy.xyz/finance/crypto-exchanges/bisq), or Bitcoin ATMs.
**Tumble/ Mix Coins** | Advanced | Use a bitcoin mixer or CoinJoin before converting Bitcoin to currency to obscure transaction trails.
**Use an Alias Details for Online Shopping** | Advanced | For online purchases, consider using alias details, forwarding email addresses, VOIP numbers, and secure delivery methods to protect your identity.
**Use alternate delivery address** | Advanced | Opt for deliveries to non-personal addresses such as PO Boxes, forwarding addresses, or local pickup locations to avoid linking purchases directly to you.
@ -427,7 +427,7 @@ Many data breaches, hacks and attacks are caused by human error. The following l
**Stay protected from shoulder surfers** | Essential | Use privacy screens on laptops and mobiles to prevent others from reading your screen in public spaces.
**Educate yourself about phishing attacks** | Essential | Be cautious of phishing attempts. Verify URLs, context of received messages, and employ good security practices like using 2FA and not reusing passwords.
**Watch out for Stalkerware** | Essential | Be aware of stalkerware installed by acquaintances for spying. Look out for signs like unusual battery usage and perform factory resets if suspected.
**Install Reputable Software from Trusted Sources** | Essential | Only download software from legitimate sources and check files with tools like Virus Total before installation.
**Install Reputable Software from Trusted Sources** | Essential | Only download software from legitimate sources and check files with tools like [Virus Total](https://awesome-privacy.xyz/security-tools/online-tools/virus-total) before installation.
**Store personal data securely** | Essential | Ensure all personal data on devices or in the cloud is encrypted to protect against unauthorized access.
**Obscure Personal Details from Documents** | Essential | When sharing documents, obscure personal details with opaque rectangles to prevent information leakage.
**Do not assume a site is secure, just because it is `HTTPS`** | Essential | HTTPS does not guarantee a website's legitimacy. Verify URLs and exercise caution with personal data.
@ -452,10 +452,17 @@ Strong authentication, encrypted devices, patched software and anonymous web bro
**Security** | **Priority** | **Details and Hints**
--- | --- | ---
**Destroy Sensitive Documents** | Essential | Shred or redact sensitive documents before disposal to protect against identity theft and maintain confidentiality.
**Opt-Out of Public Records** | Essential | Contact people search websites to opt-out from listings that show personal information, using guides like Michael Bazzell's Personal Data Removal Workbook.
**Watermark Documents** | Essential | Add a watermark with the recipient's name and date to digital copies of personal documents to trace the source of a breach.
**Destroy Sensitive Documents** | Essential | Shred or redact sensitive documents before disposal to protect against
identity theft and maintain confidentiality.
**Opt-Out of Public Records** | Essential | Contact people search websites to opt-out from listings that show persona
information, using guides like Michael Bazzell's Personal Data Removal Workbook.
**Watermark Documents** | Essential | Add a watermark with the recipient's name and date to digital copies of
personal documents to trace the source of a breach.
**Don't Reveal Info on Inbound Calls** | Essential | Only share personal data on calls you initiate and verify the recipient's phone number.
**Stay Alert** | Essential | Be aware of your surroundings and assess potential risks in new environments.
**Secure Perimeter** | Essential | Ensure physical security of locations storing personal info devices, minimizing external access and using intrusion detection systems.
**Physically Secure Devices** | Essential | Use physical security measures like Kensington locks, webcam covers, and privacy screens for devices.